Friday, January 13, 2012

How about make our own hosting?

No comments: Posted by rizki romadhoni at 9:04 PM

To have a web site people usually buy such a service called web hosting. Businesses use services of paid professionals if they like to have their web hosting in their own premises. If you have an old laptop or PC and are connected to a broadband line you can create your own website free, as a rewarding do-it-yourself hobby.

Steps

1
Get the Apache server software. Your old computer will be called your "Web Server" now on. Download public license Apache HTTP Server to your old computer. This free software is also the most widely used server on the Internet.

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2

Double click on the downloaded file to install it. Fill the dialogue required fields. It is quite arbitrary information and later you can change them.
3

Figure 2

Select the custom install from options in the next dialogue. Change the install directory of Apache to your desired folder.
4
Go to that directory and find "conf" folder. In that folder open the "httpd.conf" file. Now in your "Web Server" create a root directory for your web site; for example, "C:\Web\MyWeb"
5

Figure 3: Before

Inside the "httpd.conf", change the Apache default serving document root to your web root.

Figure 4: After
6

Figure 5: Before

Also in the same file change the default Apache web directory to your own web directory.

Figure 6: After
7

Figure 7:Basic HTML Page

Use a basic knowledge of writing HTML code and create a test page; write in it "I am a winner!" Save it as "C:\Web\MyWeb\index.html"
8
Please open your port 80 for forwarding as described in Open Your Port 80 Behind a Firewall
9
Now in your "Web Server" open your favorite browser and type in the address bar, http://localhost/ Your winner page will be served by the Internet on your browser.
10
Get the IP of your home, (look in the Open Your Port 80 Behind a Firewall tips). That is the address of your broadband given by your Internet Service Provider, on the Internet. Ask a friend of yours to type it in his browser. Your site is open to public now.
- If your IP number is, say, 98.227.112.49 then your friend types http://98.227.112.49/
- This IP is subject to change and difficult to remember. It needs to be maintained dynamically, and pointed by a name like other sites, say www.i_am_homesite_proud.com.

How to Create a Simple Web Page With HTML

No comments: Posted by rizki romadhoni at 8:53 PM

Yes, you can make a webpage without learning HTML. But should you? No. Because, for one thing, you will have problems somewhere down the road, no matter what webpage editor you're using, and you will need to know HTML to fix it. There are many good websites where you can learn HTMLsuch as HTML Goodies.com. This article shows you the basics of creating a website in HTML. With this basic introduction, you'll soon be able to make a webpage from scratch!

Edit Steps

1
Understand what HTML is. Technically, it stands for Hypertext Markup Language, but that's not important. It's the coding language that make web-pages. Go into Netscape and choose from the VIEW menu "page source" (earlier versions called this "document source"). Or, in Internet Explorer, the VIEW menu option is "source". In Mozilla Firefox, press [Ctrl]+U to view the page's source code. In Safari, select View - View Source (or Option+Command+U). You will see a page of code, and that is HTML. That code is what your browser sees and then interprets it into that nice web-page you see.

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2
Remember: not all pages are equally complex! Start with a really simple page, or you'll get overwhelmed by the syntax and the script languages.
- It's important to remember that you'll be writing your information between an opening HTML tag and a closing HTML tag. An opening tag looks like: <___> and a closing tag is like so: </___> where the ___ is replaced with a code.
3

Go to Start > Programs > Accessories > Click Notepad.

Go to Start > Programs > Accessories > Click Notepad.
4

Tell the browser what language we are using.

Tell the browser what language we are using. Type <html>. It is the first tag we write (tells the computer we're starting a web-page), and it will be closed last, so at the end of the document, close it off by typing this : </html> (ends web-page)
5

Add the heading of the page as shown.

Add the heading of the page as shown.
6

Give your page a title.

Give your page a title. A title is important because (a.) it gives your users an idea what the page is about, and (b.) when users bookmark your site, that title is all they will see in their bookmark list. The title HTML code is <title>. Close it off at the end of your title by writing </title>.
7

Work on the body of the page.

Work on the body of the page. Type <body> to open the body tag. Then close the body tag: </body>. The bulk of the information for your web-page goes between <body> and </body>.
- To give your web-page a background color, you can add a style to the body. Instead of writing just <body> write <body style="background-color:red">. You can try a different color or even a hex code. The words in the quotation marks are known as "attributes". They must be surrounded by quotation marks!
8

Write some text between the body tags.

Write some text between the body tags.
- To make the text go to the next line (like pressing "Enter" on your keyboard) write <br>.
- Want to add a marquee? Simple! <marquee>TEXT GOES HERE</marquee> A marquee is a word that moves across the screen.
9
Add some pictures. If you want to put a picture from the Internet onto your web page, this is the HTML code for pictures : <img src="URL"> . The closing tag is: </img> but it is optional.
10
Check to make sure all of your tags are closed. Your webpage should look something like this:

<html>
<head>
<title>My Web-page</title>
</head><body bgcolor="yellow">
I love wikiHow because
<marquee>It's the best website in the world!</marquee>
<img src="#"></img>
</body>
</html>
11
Save by going to "save as", put a filename with an .html extension (such as "testfile.html")and choose "all files" or "txt" under file type. It won't work if both are not done. Now go find it wherever you saved it, double click it, and your default web browser should open up your very own web-page!

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Making A Website

No comments: Posted by rizki romadhoni at 9:00 PM

Think of an idea for a great new website. If you already know what the website will be about, skip this step.Do not to "copy" other's idea's. Create a website with a topic which people are interested in and you know a lot about.

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2
Identify your market. What kinds of people would the website ideas serve? Some websites, like Yahoo or Google, are as general as it gets, while other sites, like Weebles, serve a very specific bunch. Write down the target market next to a list of ideas. Conduct market research--Think about who the audience will be. What do they do? How old are they? What are their other interests? All of this information can help make a website much more useful.
3
Do keyword research to determine if other people are searching for the topics and learn more about the potential clients that you could end up with. There are many free keyword tools that can help to get more information about your topic. Try finding keywords that are in demand (people are looking for it) yet have some chance of finding your site. Like a site on web hosting is too broad of a topic. Forum webhosting is a little better (narrower) topic.
4
Figure out your commitment. How much time and money will go into the making and improving of this website? If you are making a content site you have to spend less money and less investment. But check below
- Content sites will require less investment, but you will also face more competition, since anyone can start a content site. To make money from this kind of site, you provide information and generate income from the traffic you receive through advertising. The trick also will be to 'spin' your content and use specific keywords to narrow down your topic and write high quality content directed to specific people searching for those specific keywords.
- E-commerce sites, which sell products, will need more maintenance and attention. You will also need to think about shipping, sales, order form security, inventory updates, and everything that a person with an offline storefront would have to manage.
5
You can also sell other people's products which will let you make money without investing in any products or worrying about shipping.
6
Narrow down your list. Which ideas stand to make the most profits? Which ideas require the most commitment? Which ideas look like they'd be fun to pursue? You will be spending time working on your website, so choose the idea you are most passionate about (that is also profitable and practical for you).
7
Register your domain name. Find a domain name that is easy to remember and spell, if you use domains ending with .com, you will end up with more traffic. But remember to get creative!
8
Choose a web host. Choosing a web host is not at all easy (see below) and it really is hard to choose, if you are making a buisness, make sure you try to stick to Site Build It! (sbi.com) or go on to powweb.com and get a website done. If you need any "Free" services download wordpress or go to wordpress.com. It also is trying to change it a bit to a static website, so try moving there if you need it free! (it also provides domain names)
9
Research online website building services. You may wish to learn HTML or CSS code, but there are other ways to make a site for people more familiar with desktop publishing software.
10
Build your website. Here you have a few different options.
- Get a website-building program and do it yourself. While this might work for your dried bug page, if you are unsure of your design eye and ability, then it's probably not the best choice if you're trying to make a sharp, professional impression (especially if you're trying to get people to part with their money).
- Learn a programming language (or two, or three) and build a website from scratch.
  - HTML is incredibly easy to learn, and if you are up to it, you will be able to tweak your web design any way you want, and you would not have to pay anybody else to update or change your site.
  - XHTML is the new web language set by W3C's standards. Almost identical to HTML, it follows a stricter set of rules for marking up information - what this means, for the most part, is minor changes to the way you write code.
  - CSS, which stands for "Cascading Style Sheets", gives more flexibility for styling the HTML.
  - A browser sided scripting language, such as JavaScript, allows you to make your page interactive.
  - A server sided scripting language (PHP, ASP with JavaScript or VB Script or Python) can be used to change the way web pages appear to different people and edit or create forums. They can also help store information about people who visit your site, like their username, settings, and even temporary "shopping carts" for commercial sites.
  - Wordpress is another great option for building website. Wordpress is a free application that can be installed on your web server and make updating and organizing content very easy.
  - AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a technique of using a browser sided language and a server sided language to make the page get new information from the server without refreshing the page, often greatly reducing user wait time and vastly improving the user's experience but increasing bandwidth usage. Think of the possibilities: you could probably make a web based instant messaging service!
- Hire a professional. This is the best option for more advanced sites, especially e-commerce sites.
- Use a free static site generator to create your site structure, navigation, and CSS stylesheet for you, then download your files and put them on your own server.
11
Use keywords that your target audience would search for to get a better search engine ranking. There are several tools available from Google, Overture, and third party software developers that can make the keyword research process easier. Sprinkle the keywords you've chosen throughout your text, but not to the extent that it hurts the quality of your content. Creating pages that are optimized for the search engines will help you get your site found which is really more important than design. What good is a site that no one sees?
12
Upload your website. Your web host may have an FTP feature, or you can download your own FTP program like FileZilla. If you hired a professional to design the website, he or she may take care of this for you.
13

Test drive your website.

Test drive your website. When you finish your website, do usability testing. You can do this by simply asking a few friends or family members to use your website. Give them a specific task like "edit your profile" or "buy an alpaca sweater from the bargains page." Sit behind them and watch them navigate. Do not help them. You will likely find areas where you need to improve navigation or clarify some instructions.
14
Inspect your website. Missing tags, broken links, search engine optimization, and website design flaws are all factors which may affect your website's traffic and revenues. You may also generate a free full-functioning site map to submit to search engines like Google in a matter of minutes.
15
Advertise. Submit your site to major search engines. Tell your friends. Use an e-mail address with your domain. Visit other websites that complement (not compete with) yours, and offer to exchange links. Post constructively on blogs and forums, and put your URL in your signature.
16
Use article marketing to get back links to your website which will also help your website get found by the search engines.
17
Provide quality content and service. Take constructive feedback seriously. Other band members, fans, and friends may all have easier navigation ideas. Think about your target market: their needs, their frustrations, their circumstances, and seek to make their lives easier. Strive for a win-win situation for you and your visitors.

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Video

Tips

Begin with simple things, practice them and then advance, even if what you create is not very impressive at the time; do not attempt to rush through the tutorials in one. You need to understand them very well, so take your time and test things out. If you wonder whether or not something will work, don't suppress the urge, but find out.
People are often in a hurry. This means that you may only have between 10 and 30 seconds to capture your visitor's attention. To minimize your load time, keep graphics small. Compress them where possible. Use flashy technology JavaScript, Flash, Streaming Audio/Video, etc. sparingly and only if it is important to your presentation.
If you intend to sell a product on your website, you will need to be able to accept secure credit card payments. You can apply for a merchant account, which charges a per-transaction fee, or use a free payment service like PayPal.
Before beginning to read a tutorial, make sure it is the best of the best; you do not want to find half way through that the tutorial's flawed or putting you to sleep. You do not want to have to read the same content over again in a good tutorial, do you? So look into lots of search engine results before picking your tutorial!
Find popular websites, even if they do not have much to do with yours, and use them as models. What are they doing right? Incorporate what you learn from the big shots into your own website. Don't be a copycat, but don't re-invent the wheel.
If you hire a professional to code a complicated site, remember that programmers are not all graphic designers. The most eye-catching sites out there have been made by or with the input of someone involved in graphic design. Programmer also does not usually know much about search engine optimization and getting your website to the top of Google. Try to find someone who does know that or you can learn on your own too.
Create a REAL website. A lame boring website would not do any good! Make it want to attract the people that will bring traffic to your website.
You can get amazing domains at websitepalace.com. All domain places are good, but I think website palace gives it for a cheap rate.
You can host a business site on sitebuildit.com, but it is expensive but tottaly worth. It has a guarantee so don't even THINK after you try Sbi you are going to waste money

About Html

No comments: Posted by rizki romadhoni at 8:43 PM

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for web pages. HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of webpages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like ), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like

and

, although some tags, known as empty elements, are unpaired, for example . The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments and other types of text-based content. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup. Origins Tim Berners-Lee In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext system.[2] Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in the last part of 1990. In that year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes[3] from 1990 he lists[4] "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used" and puts an encyclopedia first. [edit] First specifications The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991.[5][6] It describes 20 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-house SGML based documentation format at CERN. Thirteen of these elements still exist in HTML 4.[7] Hypertext markup language is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images and other material into visual or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS. Many of the text elements are found in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML, which in turn covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system: these formatting commands were derived from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with also the separation of structure and processing; HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS. Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification: "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly, which included an SGML Document Type Definition to define the grammar.[8] The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgement of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes.[9] Similarly, Dave Raggett's competing Internet-Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms.[10] After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group, which in 1995 completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based.[9] Published as Request for Comments 1866, HTML 2.0 included ideas from the HTML and HTML+ drafts.[11] The 2.0 designation was intended to distinguish the new edition from previous drafts.[12] Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).[13] However, in 2000, HTML also became an international standard (ISO/IEC 15445:2000). HTML 4.01 was published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004 development began on HTML5 in the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2007. HTML version timeline November 24, 1995 HTML 2.0 was published as IETF RFC 1866. Supplemental RFCs added capabilities: November 25, 1995: RFC 1867 (form-based file upload) May 1996: RFC 1942 (tables) August 1996: RFC 1980 (client-side image maps) January 1997: RFC 2070 (internationalization) January 1997 HTML 3.2[14] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group in September 1996.[15] HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of Netscape's visual markup tags. Netscape's blink element and Microsoft's marquee element were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies.[13] A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that in HTML was not standardized until 14 months later in MathML. December 1997 HTML 4.0[16] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers three variations: Strict, in which deprecated elements are forbidden, Transitional, in which deprecated elements are allowed, Frameset, in which mostly only frame related elements are allowed; Initially code-named "Cougar",[17] HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as deprecated in favor of style sheets. HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 - SGML.[18] April 1998 HTML 4.0[19] was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number. December 1999 HTML 4.01[20] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and its last errata were published May 12, 2001. May 2000 ISO/IEC 15445:2000[21][22] ("ISO HTML", based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an ISO/IEC international standard. In the ISO this standard falls in the domain of the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 - Document description and processing languages).ajmal[21] As of mid-2008, HTML 4.01 and ISO/IEC 15445:2000 are the most recent versions of HTML. Development of the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the W3C's HTML Working Group through the early and mid-2000s. [edit] HTML draft version timeline Logo of HTML 5 October 1991 HTML Tags,[5] an informal CERN document listing twelve HTML tags, was first mentioned in public. June 1992 First informal draft of the HTML DTD,[23] with seven[24][25][26] subsequent revisions (July 15, August 6, August 18, November 17, November 19, November 20, November 22) November 1992 HTML DTD 1.1 (the first with a version number, based on RCS revisions, which start with 1.1 rather than 1.0), an informal draft[26] June 1993 Hypertext Markup Language[27] was published by the IETF IIIR Working Group as an Internet-Draft (a rough proposal for a standard). It was replaced by a second version[28] one month later, followed by six further drafts published by IETF itself[29] that finally led to HTML 2.0 in RFC1866 November 1993 HTML+ was published by the IETF as an Internet-Draft and was a competing proposal to the Hypertext Markup Language draft. It expired in May 1994. April 1995 (authored March 1995) HTML 3.0[30] was proposed as a standard to the IETF, but the proposal expired five months later without further action. It included many of the capabilities that were in Raggett's HTML+ proposal, such as support for tables, text flow around figures and the display of complex mathematical formulas.[31] W3C began development of its own Arena browser as a test bed for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets,[32][33][34] but HTML 3.0 did not succeed for several reasons. The draft was considered very large at 150 pages and the pace of browser development, as well as the number of interested parties, had outstripped the resources of the IETF.[13] Browser vendors, including Microsoft and Netscape at the time, chose to implement different subsets of HTML 3's draft features as well as to introduce their own extensions to it.[13] (See Browser wars) These included extensions to control stylistic aspects of documents, contrary to the "belief [of the academic engineering community] that such things as text color, background texture, font size and font face were definitely outside the scope of a language when their only intent was to specify how a document would be organized."[13] Dave Raggett, who has been a W3C Fellow for many years has commented for example, "To a certain extent, Microsoft built its business on the Web by extending HTML features."[13] January 2008 HTML5 was published as a Working Draft (link) by the W3C.[35] Although its syntax closely resembles that of SGML, HTML5 has abandoned any attempt to be an SGML application and has explicitly defined its own "html" serialization, in addition to an alternative XML-based XHTML5 serialization.[36] [edit] XHTML versions Main article: XHTML XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using XML 1.0. It continues to be developed: XHTML 1.0,[37] published January 26, 2000, as a W3C Recommendation, later revised and republished August 1, 2002. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and 4.01, reformulated in XML, with minor restrictions. XHTML 1.1,[38] published May 31, 2001, as a W3C Recommendation. It is based on XHTML 1.0 Strict, but includes minor changes, can be customized, is reformulated using modules from Modularization of XHTML, which was published April 10, 2001, as a W3C Recommendation. XHTML 2.0,.[39][40] There is no XHTML 2.0 standard. XHTML 2.0 is only a draft document and it is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress. XHTML 2.0 is incompatible with XHTML 1.x and, therefore, would be more accurately characterized as an XHTML-inspired new language than an update to XHTML 1.x. XHTML5, which is an update to XHTML 1.x, is being defined alongside HTML5 in the HTML5 draft.[41] [edit] Markup HTML markup consists of several key components, including elements (and their attributes), character-based data types, character references and entity references. Another important component is the document type declaration, which triggers standards mode rendering. The Hello world program, a common computer program employed for comparing programming languages, scripting languages and markup languages is made of 9 lines of code, although in HTML newlines are optional: Hello HTML
Hello World!
(The text between and describes the web page, and the text between and is the visible page content. The markup text 'Hello HTML' defines the browser tab title.) This Document Type Declaration is for HTML5. If the declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to "quirks mode" for rendering.[42] [edit] Elements Main article: HTML element HTML documents are composed entirely of HTML elements that, in their most general form have three components: a pair of tags, a "start tag" and "end tag"; some attributes within the start tag; and finally, any textual and graphical content between the start and end tags, perhaps including other nested elements. The HTML element is everything between and including the start and end tags. Each tag is enclosed in angle brackets. The general form of an HTML element is therefore: content. Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form . Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the BR tag or the inline IMG tag. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case. [edit] Element examples Header of the HTML document:.... Usually the title should be included in the head, for example: The title Headings: HTML headings are defined with the

to

Heading1

Heading2

Heading3

Heading4

Heading5

Heading6

Paragraphs: Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Line breaks:
. The difference between
and is that 'br' breaks a line without altering the semantic structure of the page, whereas 'p' sections the page into paragraphs. Note also that 'br' is an empty element in that, while it may have attributes, it can take no content and it may not have an end tag.
This
is a paragraph
with
line breaks
Comments: Comments can help understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage. There are several types of markup elements used in HTML. Structural markup describes the purpose of text For example,

Golf

establishes "Golf" as a second-level heading. Structural markup does not denote any specific rendering, but most web browsers have default styles for element formatting. Content may be further styled using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Presentational markup describes the appearance of the text, regardless of its purpose For example boldface indicates that visual output devices should render "boldface" in bold text, but gives little indication what devices that are unable to do this (such as aural devices that read the text aloud) should do. In the case of both bold and italic, there are other elements that may have equivalent visual renderings but which are more semantic in nature, such as strong text and emphasised text respectively. It is easier to see how an aural user agent should interpret the latter two elements. However, they are not equivalent to their presentational counterparts: it would be undesirable for a screen-reader to emphasize the name of a book, for instance, but on a screen such a name would be italicized. Most presentational markup elements have become deprecated under the HTML 4.0 specification, in favor of using CSS for styling. Hypertext markup makes parts of a document into links to other documents An anchor element creates a hyperlink in the document and its href attribute sets the link's target URL. For example the HTML markup, Wikipedia, will render the word "Wikipedia" as a hyperlink. To render an image as a hyperlink, an 'img' element is inserted as content into the 'a' element. Like 'br', 'img' is an empty element with attributes but no content or closing tag.

. [edit] Attributes Most of the attributes of an element are name-value pairs, separated by "=" and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML).[43][44] Leaving attribute values unquoted is considered unsafe.[45] In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element,[5] like the ismap attribute for the img element.[46] There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements: The id attribute provides a document-wide unique identifier for an element. This is used to identify the element so that stylesheets can alter its presentational properties, and scripts may alter, animate or delete its contents or presentation. Appended to the URL of the page, it provides a globally unique identifier for the element, typically a sub-section of the page. For example, the ID "Attributes" in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Attributes The class attribute provides a way of classifying similar elements. This can be used for semantic or presentation purposes. For example, an HTML document might semantically use the designation class="notation" to indicate that all elements with this class value are subordinate to the main text of the document. In presentation, such elements might be gathered together and presented as footnotes on a page instead of appearing in the place where they occur in the HTML source. Class attributes are used semantically in microformats. Multiple class values may be specified; for example class="notation important" puts the element into both the 'notation' and the 'important' classes. An author may use the style attribute to assign presentational properties to a particular element. It is considered better practice to use an element's id or class attributes to select the element from within a stylesheet, though sometimes this can be too cumbersome for a simple, specific, or ad hoc styling. The title attribute is used to attach subtextual explanation to an element. In most browsers this attribute is displayed as a tooltip. The lang attribute identifies the natural language of the element's contents, which may be different from that of the rest of the document. For example, in an English-language document: Oh well, c'est la vie, as they say in France.
The abbreviation element, abbr, can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes: HTML This example displays as HTML; in most browsers, pointing the cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language." Most elements also take the language-related attribute dir to specify text direction, such as with "rtl" for right-to-left text in, for example, Arabic, Persian or Hebrew.[47] [edit] Character and entity references See also: List of XML and HTML character entity references and Unicode and HTML As of version 4.0, HTML defines a set of 252 character entity references and a set of 1,114,050 numeric character references, both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup, rather than literally. A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically. The ability to "escape" characters in this way allows for the characters < and & (when written as < and &, respectively) to be interpreted as character data, rather than markup. For example, a literal < normally indicates the start of a tag, and & normally indicates the start of a character entity reference or numeric character reference; writing it as & or & or & allows & to be included in the content of an element or in the value of an attribute. The double-quote character ("), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as " or " or " when it appears within the attribute value itself. Equivalently, the single-quote character ('), when used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as ' or ' (not as ' except in XHTML documents[48]) when it appears within the attribute value itself. If document authors overlook the need to escape such characters, some browsers can be very forgiving and try to use context to guess their intent. The result is still invalid markup, which makes the document less accessible to other browsers and to other user agents that may try to parse the document for search and indexing purposes for example. Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in the document's character encoding, to be represented within element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented e (é), a character typically found only on Western European keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference é or as the numeric references é or é, using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. Unicode character encodings such as UTF-8 are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all the characters of the world's writing systems.[49] [edit] Data types HTML defines several data types for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, URIs, numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data. [edit] Document type declaration HTML documents are required to start with a Document Type Declaration (informally, a "doctype"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering mode—particularly whether to use quirks mode. The original purpose of the doctype was to enable parsing and validation of HTML documents by SGML tools based on the Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a machine-readable grammar specifying the permitted and prohibited content for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do not implement HTML as an application of SGML and by consequence do not read the DTD. HTML5 does not define a DTD, because of the technology's inherent limitations, so in HTML5 the doctype declaration, , does not refer to a DTD. An example of an HTML 4 doctype is This declaration references the DTD for the 'strict' version of HTML 4.01. SGML-based validators read the DTD in order to properly parse the document and to perform validation. In modern browsers, a valid doctype activates standards mode as opposed to quirks mode. In addition, HTML 4.01 provides Transitional and Frameset DTDs, as explained below. [edit] Semantic HTML Main article: Semantic HTML Semantic HTML is a way of writing HTML that emphasizes the meaning of the encoded information over its presentation (look). HTML has included semantic markup from its inception,[50] but has also included presentational markup such as , and
tags. There are also the semantically neutral span and div tags. Since the late 1990s when Cascading Style Sheets were beginning to work in most browsers, web authors have been encouraged to avoid the use of presentational HTML markup with a view to the separation of presentation and content.[51] In a 2001 discussion of the Semantic Web, Tim Berners-Lee and others gave examples of ways in which intelligent software 'agents' may one day automatically trawl the Web and find, filter and correlate previously unrelated, published facts for the benefit of human users.[52] Such agents are not commonplace even now, but some of the ideas of Web 2.0, mashups and price comparison websites may be coming close. The main difference between these web application hybrids and Berners-Lee's semantic agents lies in the fact that the current aggregation and hybridisation of information is usually designed in by web developers, who already know the web locations and the API semantics of the specific data they wish to mash, compare and combine. An important type of web agent that does trawl and read web pages automatically, without prior knowledge of what it might find, is the Web crawler or search-engine spider. These software agents are dependent on the semantic clarity of web pages they find as they use various techniques and algorithms to read and index millions of web pages a day and provide web users with search facilities without which the World Wide Web would be only a fraction of its current usefulness. In order for search-engine spiders to be able to rate the significance of pieces of text they find in HTML documents, and also for those creating mashups and other hybrids as well as for more automated agents as they are developed, the semantic structures that exist in HTML need to be widely and uniformly applied to bring out the meaning of published text.[53] Presentational markup tags are deprecated in current HTML and XHTML recommendations and are illegal in HTML5. Good semantic HTML also improves the accessibility of web documents (see also Web Content Accessibility Guidelines). For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document, it will not waste the visually impaired user's time by reading out repeated or irrelevant information when it has been marked up correctly. [edit] Delivery HTML documents can be delivered by the same means as any other computer file. However, they are most often delivered either by HTTP from a web server or by email. [edit] HTTP Main article: Hypertext Transfer Protocol The World Wide Web is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). However, HTTP is used to serve images, sound, and other content, in addition to HTML. To allow the Web browser to know how to handle each document it receives, other information is transmitted along with the document. This meta data usually includes the MIME type (e.g. text/html or application/xhtml+xml) and the character encoding (see Character encoding in HTML). In modern browsers, the MIME type that is sent with the HTML document may affect how the document is initially interpreted. A document sent with the XHTML MIME type is expected to be well-formed XML; syntax errors may cause the browser to fail to render it. The same document sent with the HTML MIME type might be displayed successfully, since some browsers are more lenient with HTML. The W3C recommendations state that XHTML 1.0 documents that follow guidelines set forth in the recommendation's Appendix C may be labeled with either MIME Type.[54] The current XHTML 1.1 Working Draft also states that XHTML 1.1 documents should[55] be labeled with either MIME type.[56] [edit] HTML e-mail Main article: HTML email Most graphical email clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) to provide formatting and semantic markup not available with plain text. This may include typographic information like coloured headings, emphasized and quoted text, inline images and diagrams. Many such clients include both a GUI editor for composing HTML e-mail messages and a rendering engine for displaying them. Use of HTML in e-mail is controversial because of compatibility issues, because it can help disguise phishing attacks, because it can confuse spam filters and because the message size is larger than plain text. [edit] Naming conventions The most common filename extension for files containing HTML is .html. A common abbreviation of this is .htm, which originated because some early operating systems and file systems, such as DOS and FAT, limited file extensions to three letters. [edit] HTML Application Main article: HTML Application An HTML Application (HTA; file extension ".hta") is a Microsoft Windows application that uses HTML and Dynamic HTML in a browser to provide the application's graphical interface. A regular HTML file is confined to the security model of the web browser, communicating only to web servers and manipulating only webpage objects and site cookies. An HTA runs as a fully trusted application and therefore has more privileges, like creation/editing/removal of files and Windows Registry entries. Because they operate outside the browser's security model, HTAs cannot be executed via HTTP, but must be downloaded (just like an EXE file) and executed from local file system. [edit] Current variations HTML is precisely what we were trying to PREVENT— ever-breaking links, links going outward only, quotes you can't follow to their origins, no version management, no rights management. Ted Nelson[57] Since its inception, HTML and its associated protocols gained acceptance relatively quickly. However, no clear standards existed in the early years of the language. Though its creators originally conceived of HTML as a semantic language devoid of presentation details,[58] practical uses pushed many presentational elements and attributes into the language, driven largely by the various browser vendors. The latest standards surrounding HTML reflect efforts to overcome the sometimes chaotic development of the language[59] and to create a rational foundation for building both meaningful and well-presented documents. To return HTML to its role as a semantic language, the W3C has developed style languages such as CSS and XSL to shoulder the burden of presentation. In conjunction, the HTML specification has slowly reined in the presentational elements. There are two axes differentiating various variations of HTML as currently specified: SGML-based HTML versus XML-based HTML (referred to as XHTML) on one axis, and strict versus transitional (loose) versus frameset on the other axis. [edit] SGML-based versus XML-based HTML One difference in the latest HTML specifications lies in the distinction between the SGML-based specification and the XML-based specification. The XML-based specification is usually called XHTML to distinguish it clearly from the more traditional definition. However, the root element name continues to be 'html' even in the XHTML-specified HTML. The W3C intended XHTML 1.0 to be identical to HTML 4.01 except where limitations of XML over the more complex SGML require workarounds. Because XHTML and HTML are closely related, they are sometimes documented in parallel. In such circumstances, some authors conflate the two names as (X)HTML or X(HTML). Like HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0 has three sub-specifications: strict, transitional and frameset. Aside from the different opening declarations for a document, the differences between an HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0 document—in each of the corresponding DTDs—are largely syntactic. The underlying syntax of HTML allows many shortcuts that XHTML does not, such as elements with optional opening or closing tags, and even EMPTY elements which must not have an end tag. By contrast, XHTML requires all elements to have an opening tag and a closing tag. XHTML, however, also introduces a new shortcut: an XHTML tag may be opened and closed within the same tag, by including a slash before the end of the tag like this:
. The introduction of this shorthand, which is not used in the SGML declaration for HTML 4.01, may confuse earlier software unfamiliar with this new convention. A fix for this is to include a space before closing the tag, as such:
.[60] To understand the subtle differences between HTML and XHTML, consider the transformation of a valid and well-formed XHTML 1.0 document that adheres to Appendix C (see below) into a valid HTML 4.01 document. To make this translation requires the following steps: The language for an element should be specified with a lang attribute rather than the XHTML xml:lang attribute. XHTML uses XML's built in language-defining functionality attribute. Remove the XML namespace (xmlns=URI). HTML has no facilities for namespaces. Change the document type declaration from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. (see DTD section for further explanation). If present, remove the XML declaration. (Typically this is: ). Ensure that the document's MIME type is set to text/html. For both HTML and XHTML, this comes from the HTTP Content-Type header sent by the server. Change the XML empty-element syntax to an HTML style empty element (
to
). Those are the main changes necessary to translate a document from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. To translate from HTML to XHTML would also require the addition of any omitted opening or closing tags. Whether coding in HTML or XHTML it may just be best to always include the optional tags within an HTML document rather than remembering which tags can be omitted. A well-formed XHTML document adheres to all the syntax requirements of XML. A valid document adheres to the content specification for XHTML, which describes the document structure. The W3C recommends several conventions to ensure an easy migration between HTML and XHTML (see HTML Compatibility Guidelines). The following steps can be applied to XHTML 1.0 documents only: Include both xml:lang and lang attributes on any elements assigning language. Use the empty-element syntax only for elements specified as empty in HTML. Include an extra space in empty-element tags: for example
instead of
. Include explicit close tags for elements that permit content but are left empty (for example,

, not
). Omit the XML declaration. By carefully following the W3C's compatibility guidelines, a user agent should be able to interpret the document equally as HTML or XHTML. For documents that are XHTML 1.0 and have been made compatible in this way, the W3C permits them to be served either as HTML (with a text/html MIME type), or as XHTML (with an application/xhtml+xml or application/xml MIME type). When delivered as XHTML, browsers should use an XML parser, which adheres strictly to the XML specifications for parsing the document's contents. [edit] Transitional versus strict HTML 4 defined three different versions of the language: Strict, Transitional (once called Loose) and Frameset. The Strict version is intended for new documents and is considered best practice, while the Transitional and Frameset versions were developed to make it easier to transition documents that conformed to older HTML specification or didn't conform to any specification to a version of HTML 4. The Transitional and Frameset versions allow for presentational markup, which is omitted in the Strict version. Instead, cascading style sheets are encouraged to improve the presentation of HTML documents. Because XHTML 1 only defines an XML syntax for the language defined by HTML 4, the same differences apply to XHTML 1 as well. The Transitional version allows the following parts of the vocabulary, which are not included in the Strict version: A looser content model Inline elements and plain text are allowed directly in: body, blockquote, form, noscript and noframes Presentation related elements underline (u)(Deprecated. can confuse a visitor with a hyperlink.) strike-through (s) center(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) font(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) basefont(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) Presentation related attributes background(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and bgcolor(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes for body(required element according to the W3C.) element. align(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on div, form, paragraph (p) and heading (h1...h6) elements align(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), noshade(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), size(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and width(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on hr element align(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), border, vspace and hspace attributes on img and object(caution: the object element is only supported in Internet Explorer(from the major browsers)) elements align(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on legend and caption elements align(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and bgcolor(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) on table element nowrap(Obsolete), bgcolor(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), width, height on td and th elements bgcolor(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on tr element clear(Obsolete) attribute on br element compact attribute on dl, dir and menu elements type(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), compact(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and start(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on ol and ul elements type and value attributes on li element width attribute on pre element Additional elements in Transitional specification menu(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though unordered list is recommended) dir(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though unordered list is recommended) isindex(Deprecated.) (element requires server-side support and is typically added to documents server-side, form and input elements can be used as a substitute) applet (Deprecated. use the object element instead.) The language(Obsolete) attribute on script element (redundant with the type attribute). Frame related entities iframe noframes target(Deprecated in the map, link and form elements.) attribute on a, client-side image-map (map), link, form and base elements The Frameset version includes everything in the Transitional version, as well as the frameset element (used instead of body) and the frame element. [edit] Frameset versus transitional In addition to the above transitional differences, the frameset specifications (whether XHTML 1.0 or HTML 4.01) specifies a different content model, with frameset replacing body, that contains either frame elements, or optionally noframes with a body. [edit] Summary of specification versions As this list demonstrates, the loose versions of the specification are maintained for legacy support. However, contrary to popular misconceptions, the move to XHTML does not imply a removal of this legacy support. Rather the X in XML stands for extensible and the W3C is modularizing the entire specification and opening it up to independent extensions. The primary achievement in the move from XHTML 1.0 to XHTML 1.1 is the modularization of the entire specification. The strict version of HTML is deployed in XHTML 1.1 through a set of modular extensions to the base XHTML 1.1 specification. Likewise, someone looking for the loose (transitional) or frameset specifications will find similar extended XHTML 1.1 support (much of it is contained in the legacy or frame modules). The modularization also allows for separate features to develop on their own timetable. So for example, XHTML 1.1 will allow quicker migration to emerging XML standards such as MathML (a presentational and semantic math language based on XML) and XForms—a new highly advanced web-form technology to replace the existing HTML forms. In summary, the HTML 4.01 specification primarily reined in all the various HTML implementations into a single clearly written specification based on SGML. XHTML 1.0, ported this specification, as is, to the new XML defined specification. Next, XHTML 1.1 takes advantage of the extensible nature of XML and modularizes the whole specification. XHTML 2.0 will be the first step in adding new features to the specification in a standards-body-based approach. [edit] Hypertext features not in HTML HTML lacks some of the features found in earlier hypertext systems, such as typed links, source tracking, fat links and others.[61] Even some hypertext features that were in early versions of HTML have been ignored by most popular web browsers until recently, such as the link element and in-browser Web page editing. Sometimes Web services or browser manufacturers remedy these shortcomings. For instance, wikis and content management systems allow surfers to edit the Web pages they visit. [edit] WYSIWYG editors There are some WYSIWYG editors (What You See Is What You Get), in which the user lays out everything as it is to appear in the HTML document using a graphical user interface (GUI), where the editor renders this as an HTML document, no longer requiring the author to have extensive knowledge of HTML. The WYSIWYG editing model has been criticized,[62][63] primarily because of the low quality of the generated code; there are voices advocating a change to the WYSIWYM model (What You See Is What You Mean). WYSIWYG editors remains a controversial topic because of their perceived flaws such as: Relying mainly on layout as opposed to meaning, often using markup that does not convey the intended meaning but simply copies the layout.[64] Often producing extremely verbose and redundant code that fails to make use of the cascading nature of HTML and CSS. Often producing ungrammatical markup often called tag soup. As a great deal of the information in HTML documents is not in the layout, the model has been criticized for its 'what you see is all you get'-nature.[65] Nevertheless, since WYSIWYG editors offer convenience over hand-coded pages as well as not requiring the author to know the finer details of HTML, they still dominate web authoring.[citation needed]

What Is WEB?

No comments: Posted by rizki romadhoni at 8:40 PM

The World Wide Web (or the proper World-Wide Web; abbreviated as WWW or W3,[2] and commonly known as the Web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web.[1] At CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will",[3] and they publicly introduced the project in December.[4] "The World-Wide Web was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, and human culture, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project." In the June 1970 issue of Popular Science magazine Arthur C. Clarke was reported to have predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to your fingertips" using a console that would combine the functionality of the Xerox, telephone, television and a small computer, allowing data transfer and video conferencing around the globe.[6] In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal that referenced ENQUIRE, a database and software project he had built in 1980, and described a more elaborate information management system.[7] With help from Robert Cailliau, he published a more formal proposal (on November 12, 1990) to build a "Hypertext project" called "WorldWideWeb" (one word, also "W3") as a "web" of "hypertext documents" to be viewed by "browsers" using a client–server architecture.[3] This proposal estimated that a read-only web would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to achieve "the creation of new links and new material by readers, [so that] authorship becomes universal" as well as "the automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him/her has become available." While the read-only goal was met, accessible authorship of web content took longer to mature, with the wiki concept, blogs, Web 2.0 and RSS/Atom.[8] The proposal was modeled after the Dynatext SGML reader by Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was technically advanced and was a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime, but it was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration. The CERN datacenter in 2010 housing some WWW servers A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first web server and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:[9] the first web browser (which was a web editor as well); the first web server; and the first web pages,[10] which described the project itself. On August 6, 1991, he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup.[11] This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet. The first photo on the web was uploaded by Berners-Lee in 1992, an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes. Web as a "Side Effect" of the 40 years of Particle Physics Experiments. It happened many times during history of science that the most impressive results of large scale scientific efforts appeared far away from the main directions of those efforts... After the World War 2 the nuclear centers of almost all developed countries became the places with the highest concentration of talented scientists. For about four decades many of them were invited to the international CERN's Laboratories. So specific kind of the CERN's intellectual "entire culture" (as you called it) was constantly growing from one generation of the scientists and engineers to another. When the concentration of the human talents per square foot of the CERN's Labs reached the critical mass, it caused an intellectual explosion The Web, – crucial point of human's history – was born... Nothing could be compared to it... We cant imagine yet the real scale of the recent shake, because there has not been so fast growing multi-dimension social-economic processes in human history...[12] The first server outside Europe was set up at SLAC to host the SPIRES-HEP database. Accounts differ substantially as to the date of this event. The World Wide Web Consortium says December 1992,[13] whereas SLAC itself claims 1991.[14][15] This is supported by a W3C document entitled A Little History of the World Wide Web.[16] The crucial underlying concept of hypertext originated with older projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University, Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu, and Douglas Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally tackled the project himself. In the process, he developed three essential technologies: a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere, the Universal Document Identifier (UDI), later known as Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); the publishing language HyperText Markup Language (HTML); the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).[17] The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot. Unlike predecessors such as HyperCard, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. On April 30, 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due.[18] Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW for Unix and the X Windowing System. Scholars generally agree that a turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction[19] of the Mosaic web browser[20] in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic came from the U.S. High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, one of several computing developments initiated by U.S. Senator Al Gore.[21] Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the Web's popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, while the total number of websites was still minute compared to present standards, quite a number of notable websites were already active, many of which are the precursors or inspiration for today's most popular services. Connected by the existing Internet, other websites were created around the world, adding international standards for domain names and HTML. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of web standards (such as the markup languages in which web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a Semantic Web. The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularizing use of the Internet.[22] Although the two terms are sometimes conflated in popular use, World Wide Web is not synonymous with Internet.[23] The Web is a collection of documents and both client and server software using Internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP. [edit] Function The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. In contrast, the Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is a collection of text documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs, usually accessed by web browsers from web servers. In short, the Web can be thought of as an application "running" on the Internet.[24] Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a web browser or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it. As an example, consider accessing a page with the URL http://example.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web . First, the browser resolves the server-name portion of the URL (example.org) into an Internet Protocol address using the globally distributed database known as the Domain Name System (DNS); this lookup returns an IP address such as 208.80.152.2. The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP request across the Internet to the computer at that particular address. It makes the request to a particular application port in the underlying Internet Protocol Suite so that the computer receiving the request can distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols it may be servicing such as e-mail delivery; the HTTP protocol normally uses port 80. The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as the two lines of text

About CSS

No comments: Posted by rizki romadhoni at 8:49 PM

What You Should Already Know

Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:

HTML / XHTML

If you want to study these subjects first, find the tutorials on our Home page.

What is CSS?

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
Styles define how to display HTML elements
Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files

CSS Demo

An HTML document can be displayed with different styles: See how it works

Styles Solved a Big Problem

HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document.
HTML was intended to define the content of a document, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites, where fonts and color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.
In HTML 4.0, all formatting could be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a separate CSS file.
All browsers support CSS today.

CSS Saves a Lot of Work!

CSS defines HOW HTML elements are to be displayed.
Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in a Web site, just by editing one single file!

CSS Syntax

A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:

The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.
Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value.

CSS Example

A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets:

p {color:red;text-align:center;}

To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:

Example

p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}

Try it yourself »

CSS Comments

Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers.
A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:

/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial;
}

The id and class Selectors

In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors called "id" and "class".

The id Selector

The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".
The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":

Example

#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}

Try it yourself »

Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

The class Selector

The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements.
This allows you to set a particular style for many HTML elements with the same class.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."
In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example

.center {text-align:center;}

Try it yourself »

You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.
In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example

p.center {text-align:center;}

Try it yourself »

Do NOT start a class name with a number! This is only supported in Internet Explorer.

Three Ways to Insert CSS

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

External style sheet
Internal style sheet
Inline style

External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below:

hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}

Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of "margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:

<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
</style>
</head>

Inline Styles

An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly!
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph:

<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

Multiple Style Sheets

If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be inherited from the more specific style sheet.
For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3
{
color:red;
text-align:left;
font-size:8pt;
}

And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3
{
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
}

If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3 will be:

color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;

The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is replaced by the internal style sheet.

Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One

Styles can be specified:

inside an HTML element
inside the head section of an HTML page
in an external CSS file

Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.

Cascading order

What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:

Browser default
External style sheet
Internal style sheet (in the head section)
Inline style (inside an HTML element)

So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).
Remark

Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML <head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of an element.

CSS properties used for background effects:

background-color
background-image
background-repeat
background-attachment
background-position

Background Color

The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:

Example

body {background-color:#b0c4de;}

Try it yourself »

With CSS, a color is most often specified by:

a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
a color name - like "red"

Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values.
In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:

Example

h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}

Try it yourself »

Background Image

The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
The background image for a page can be set like this:

Example

body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}

Try it yourself »

Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not readable:

Example

body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}

Try it yourself »

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically

By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this:

Example

body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
}

Try it yourself »

If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:

Example

body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}

Try it yourself »

Background Image - Set position and no-repeat

When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.
Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:

Example

body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
}

Try it yourself »

In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.
The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:

Example

body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-position:right top;
}

Try it yourself »

Background - Shorthand property

As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing with backgrounds.
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property. This is called a shorthand property.
The shorthand property for background is simply "background":

Example

body {background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat right top;}

Try it yourself »

When using the shorthand property the order of the property values are:

background-color
background-image
background-repeat
background-attachment
background-position

It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the ones that are present are in this order.

text formatting

This text is styled with some of the text formatting properties. The heading uses the text-align, text-transform, and color properties. The paragraph is indented, aligned, and the space between characters is specified.

Text Color

The color property is used to set the color of the text.
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:

a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
a color name - like "red"

Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values.
The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Example

body {color:blue;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}

Try it yourself »

For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the background-color property.

Text Alignment

The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.
Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.
When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).

Example

h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}

Try it yourself »

Text Decoration

The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:

Example

a {text-decoration:none;}

Try it yourself »

It can also be used to decorate text:

Example

h1 {text-decoration:overline;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}
h4 {text-decoration:blink;}

It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users.

Text Transformation

The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.
It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word.

Example

p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}

Text Indentation

The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.

Example

p {text-indent:50px;}

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What You Should Already Know

What is CSS?

CSS Demo

Styles Solved a Big Problem

CSS Saves a Lot of Work!

CSS Syntax

CSS Example

Example

CSS Comments

The id and class Selectors

The id Selector

Example

The class Selector

Example

Example

Three Ways to Insert CSS

External Style Sheet

Internal Style Sheet

Inline Styles

Multiple Style Sheets

Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One

Cascading order

Background Color

Example

Example

Background Image

Example

Example

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically

Example

Example

Background Image - Set position and no-repeat

Example

Example

Background - Shorthand property

Example

text formatting

Text Color

Example

Text Alignment

Example

Text Decoration

Example

Example

Text Transformation

Example

Text Indentation

Example

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